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Abstract
Abstract: Carbon monoxide (CO) is a highly toxic environmental pollutant that exerts detrimental effects on multiple organ systems through the induction of tissue hypoxia and oxidative stress. The immune system is particularly vulnerable to chronic CO exposure due to the high metabolic activity and rapid turnover of immune cells. Morphometric analysis provides an objective method for evaluating structural alterations in immune organs and assessing the severity of toxic damage. The present review summarizes current knowledge regarding morphometric changes in primary and secondary immune organs, including the thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow, under conditions of chronic carbon monoxide intoxication. Special attention is given to quantitative parameters such as organ weight, cortical and medullary thickness, lymphoid follicle diameter, cellular density, and stromal-parenchymal ratios. Chronic CO exposure is associated with significant reductions in lymphoid tissue volume, depletion of immune cell populations, microcirculatory disturbances, and structural remodeling of immune organs. Morphometric indicators serve as valuable tools for evaluating pathological changes and monitoring the effectiveness of protective interventions.
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