International scientific electronic journal ISSN (p): 2181-3108 ISSN (e): 2181-3116 The journal is directed to the publication of scientific, methodical, methodical and artistic articles and theses related to the fields of science
O‘ZBEK VA YAPON TILIDA SON BILAN BOG‘LIQ EVFEMIK BIRLIKLAR TAHLILI
“Kitob o‘qigan, o‘zini ustida ishlagan odamda qanot bo‘ladi. U befarq bo‘lmaydi. Uning kuchi bilimida bo‘ladi. Shuning uchun hech kimni pisand qilmaydi. “Kattalar”ga xushomad qilmaydi. Uning bilimi bor, ilmi bor. Mana nima uchun kitob o‘qinglar deymiz. Kitob o‘qisangiz savol berishni bilasiz”. Sh.M.Mirziyoyev Kitob o‘qiganimizda, o‘zimizning ustimizda ishlagan vaqtimiz beixtiyor til bilan bog‘liq holatlarga duch kelamiz. Tilda xalq tasavvurlari va dunyoqarashining aks etishi tilshunoslik, falsafa kabi fanlarni hamisha qiziqtirib kelgan. Turli xalqlarning o‘zaro aloqalari va insoniyatning ilmiy-madaniy rivojida amaliy jihatdan muhim o‘rin tutgan bu har tomonlama keng va rang-barang faoliyat turi o‘zining nazariy zaminiga ega bo‘lishi kerak. Shuning uchun ham tarjimashunoslikning maqsadi − o‘ziga xos iste’dodga ega tarjimonlar tomonidan amalga oshirilayotgan va turli tillardan o‘girilayotgan har xil sohaga oid rang-barang janrlardagi adabiyotlar tarjimasini o‘z ichiga olgan tarjima jarayonini muayyan yo‘nalish atrofida uyushtirib, uning rejali asosda faoliyat ko‘rsatishi va rivojlanishini ta’minlashdan iborat.Bu tarjima asosida esa so‘zlarning ma’nosini chuqur anglab yetish va chiroyli, samimiy so‘zlardan foydalanib tarjima qilishni talab etadi. Evfemizm soʻzi yunoncha eu-“yaxshi”, phemi-“gapiryapman” soʻzlaridan kelib chiqqan boʻlib, ogʻzaki yoki yozma nutqda qoʻllaniladigan, ma’nosi neytral “vazifasi”ga koʻra emotsional boʻlgan soʻz boʻlib, qoʻpol yoki “beodob” soʻzlar oʻrniga qoʻllaniladi.[1] [1] Ismatullayev N. Evfemik vositalarning funksional-uslubiy xususiyatlari. 1997.-B.77.
ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ПРАВ И ОБЯЗАННОСТЕЙ МУЖЧИН И ЖЕНЩИН В СЕМЕЙНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЯХ ПО МУСУЛЬМАНСКОМУ ПРАВУ
Аннотация: В данной статье рассматриваются основные принципы взаимоотношений между супругами с точки зрения ислама, цель и значимость создания семьи, взаимное уважение, любовь, ответственность и справедливость. На основе аятов Корана и хадисов пророка Мухаммада (с.а.в.) анализируются права и обязанности мужчины и женщины в семье, их роль в обществе, а также исламское понимание гармонии в семейной жизни. Также рассматривается влияние исламских ценностей на укрепление института семьи в современном обществе. Особое внимание уделяется роли терпения, совета и компромисса в разрешении семейных конфликтов в исламе.
Ключевые слова: Ислам, семья, отношения между супругами, Коран, хадис, права, обязанности, ответственность, компромисс, любовь, терпение, справедливость, шариатские ценности, семейная жизнь.
TOSHPО‘LAT HAMID IJODIDA TARJIMA, ADABIY ALOQALAR VA OMMAVIY MADANIYAT
Annotatsiya: Maqolada Toshpo‘lat Hamidning tarjima faoliyati, xalqaro va respublikalararo adabiy aloqalari, bolalar adabiyoti, qo‘shiq matnlari hamda publitsistik merosi manbashunoslik yondashuvi asosida tahlil qilinadi. Tarjima faoliyatining individual ijodiy tanlov bilan bir qatorda sovet davridagi madaniy integratsiya va rasmiy madaniy vazifalar bilan kesishgan jihatlari ochib beriladi. Adabiy tashriflar, bolalar nashrlari va havaskorlik jamoalariga mo‘ljallangan qo‘shiq matnlari orqali adabiyotning ommaviy-madaniy va tarbiyaviy funksiyalari ko‘rsatiladi. Publitsistik matnlarning tarixiy manba sifatidagi imkoniyatlari va cheklovlari ham tahlil qilinadi.
Kalit so‘zlar: Toshpo‘lat Hamid, tarjima, adabiy aloqa, sovet madaniy siyosati, bolalar adabiyoti, ommaviy madaniyat, publitsistika, manba tanqidi.
QISHLOQ XO‘JALIGI KORXONALARINI IQTISODIYOTDA TUTGAN O‘RNI VA AMALDAGI HOLATINING TAHLILI
Annotatsiya. Mazkur maqolada qishloq xo‘jaligining O‘zbekiston Respublikasi milliy iqtisodiyotidagi makroiqtisodiy o‘rni va strategik ahamiyati tadqiq etilgan. Rasmiy statistik ma’lumotlar asosida 2020–2025-yillarda mamlakat yalpi ichki mahsuloti, iqtisodiy faoliyat turlari bo‘yicha yalpi qo‘shilgan qiymat hamda qishloq, o‘rmon va baliqchilik xo‘jaligi mahsulotlari va xizmatlari hajmining o‘zgarish dinamikasi tahlil qilingan. Agrar tarmoqning yalpi qo‘shilgan qiymat tarkibidagi ulushi va iqtisodiy o‘sishga qo‘shgan hissasi baholangan. Tahlil natijalariga ko‘ra, sanoat va xizmatlar sohasining nisbatan yuqori sur’atlarda rivojlanishi natijasida qishloq xo‘jaligining iqtisodiyot tarkibidagi ulushi qisqarayotgan bo‘lsa-da, tarmoqda yaratilayotgan yalpi qo‘shilgan qiymat hamda mahsulot va xizmatlar hajmi barqaror o‘sish tendensiyasini saqlab qolmoqda. Shuningdek, qishloq xo‘jaligining oziq-ovqat xavfsizligini ta’minlash, aholi bandligini qo‘llab-quvvatlash, hududiy iqtisodiy faollikni rivojlantirish, qayta ishlash sanoatining xomashyo bazasini shakllantirish va eksport salohiyatini oshirishdagi ahamiyati yoritilgan. Tadqiqot natijasida qishloq xo‘jaligi korxonalari faoliyati samaradorligini oshirish, ularning moliyaviy barqarorligini mustahkamlash va moliyaviy qo‘llab-quvvatlash mexanizmlarini takomillashtirish zarurligi asoslangan.
Kalit so‘zlar: qishloq xo‘jaligi, agrar sektor, milliy iqtisodiyot, yalpi ichki mahsulot, yalpi qo‘shilgan qiymat, iqtisodiy o‘sish, qishloq xo‘jaligi korxonalari, moliyaviy barqarorlik, oziq-ovqat xavfsizligi, aholi bandligi, eksport salohiyati, O‘zbekiston.
O‘ZBEKISTONDA BOG‘DORCHILIK VA UZUMCHILIKNI INNOVATSION RIVOJLANTIRISH: AMALDAGI HOLAT, MUAMMOLAR VA USTUVOR YO‘NALISHLAR
Annotatsiya. Mazkur maqolada O‘zbekistonda bog‘dorchilik va uzumchilik sohasining bugungi holati, rivojlanish tendensiyalari, mavjud muammolar hamda istiqboldagi ustuvor yo‘nalishlar tahlil qilingan. Respublikada sanoatlashgan va intensiv bog‘-tokzorlarni barpo etish, iqtisodiy jihatdan samarasiz maydonlarni yangilash, meva va uzum mahsulotlari ishlab chiqarish hamda eksport hajmini oshirish borasida amalga oshirilayotgan islohotlarga alohida e’tibor qaratilgan. Meva va tok ko‘chatlariga bo‘lgan talab, “in-vitro” laboratoriyalarining mavjud salohiyati va ulardan foydalanish darajasi, import ko‘chatlariga qaramlik bilan bog‘liq muammolar yoritilgan. Shuningdek, ko‘chatchilik tizimini rivojlantirish bo‘yicha Turkiya va boshqa xorijiy mamlakatlar tajribasi o‘rganilib, sifatli, viruslardan xoli va iqlim o‘zgarishlariga chidamli ko‘chatlar yetishtirish, ko‘chatlarni sertifikatlash va sug‘urtalash, ishlab chiqaruvchilar integratsiyasini kuchaytirish hamda ko‘chatlar harakatini raqamli kuzatish tizimini joriy etish bo‘yicha ilmiy-amaliy takliflar ishlab chiqilgan. Bog‘dorchilik va uzumchilikni innovatsion rivojlantirish asosida mahsulotlar raqobatbardoshligini oshirish, eksport geografiyasini kengaytirish va sohaning iqtisodiy barqarorligini ta’minlash yo‘nalishlari asoslangan.
Kalit so‘zlar: bog‘dorchilik, uzumchilik, intensiv bog‘, sanoatlashgan bog‘-tokzorlar, ko‘chatchilik, “in-vitro” laboratoriyasi, meva ko‘chatlari, tok ko‘chatlari, innovatsion texnologiyalar, raqamlashtirish, sertifikatlash, agrosug‘urta, eksport, raqobatbardoshlik, qishloq xo‘jaligi.
O‘ZBEKISTON QISHLOQ XO‘JALIGI MAHSULOTLARINING JAHON BOZORLARIDAGI RAQOBATBARDOSHLIGINI OSHIRISHDA EKSPORT SALOHIYATI VA NARX OMILLARINING TAHLILI
Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada O‘zbekiston qishloq xo‘jaligi mahsulotlarining jahon bozorlaridagi eksport raqobatbardoshligi, uning shakllanishiga ta’sir etuvchi narx, logistika, mahsulot sifati, xalqaro standartlar va tashqi bozorlar geografiyasi bilan bog‘liq omillar tahlil qilingan. Tadqiqotda qishloq xo‘jaligi va oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari eksportining tarkibi va dinamikasi, hududlar kesimidagi eksport ko‘rsatkichlari hamda asosiy savdo hamkorlarining ulushi baholangan. Shuningdek, kartoshka mahsuloti misolida eksport-import hajmlari, ichki va tashqi bozorlardagi narxlar hamda istiqbolli eksport bozorlarining qiyosiy tahlili amalga oshirilgan. Tahlil natijasida transport-logistika xarajatlarining yuqoriligi, xalqaro sertifikatlash talablariga moslashish, mahsulot sifati va narx raqobatbardoshligini ta’minlash hamda eksport geografiyasini diversifikatsiya qilish bilan bog‘liq muammolar aniqlangan. Tadqiqot yakunida O‘zbekiston qishloq xo‘jaligi mahsulotlarining xalqaro bozorlardagi raqobatbardoshligini oshirish, eksport bozorlarini kengaytirish, logistika xarajatlarini optimallashtirish va yuqori qo‘shilgan qiymatli mahsulotlar eksportini ko‘paytirishga qaratilgan takliflar ishlab chiqilgan. Eksport siyosatini bozor dinamikasiga moslashtirish O‘zbekiston agrar mahsulotlarining raqobatbardoshligini oshirishda muhimligi boshqa tadqiqotlarda ham qayd etilgan
Kalit so‘zlar: qishloq xo‘jaligi mahsulotlari, eksport, raqobatbardoshlik, jahon bozori, eksport salohiyati, narx raqobatbardoshligi, logistika, kartoshka, tashqi savdo, eksport geografiyasi, xalqaro standartlar
IJTIMOIY ISLOHOTLARDA TIBBIYOTNING O‘RNI
Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada O‘zbekiston va jahon tajribasida ijtimoiy islohotlar jarayonida tibbiyotning tutgan o‘rni, aholi salomatligini yaxshilashga qaratilgan davlat dasturlari, qonunlar va xalqaro tashkilotlar faoliyatining ahamiyati tahlil qilindi. Tibbiyot tizimining islohotlardagi markaziy roli va uning ijtimoiy barqarorlikka ta’siri ilmiy nuqtai nazardan ko‘rib chiqildi.
Kalit so‘zlar: ijtimoiy islohotlar, tibbiyot, jamoat sog‘ligi, sog‘liqni saqlash, sog‘liqni saqlash tizimi, davlat dasturlari, tenglik. O‘zbekiston, xalqaro tajribalar.
СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ МЕТОДЫ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ ФИЗИЧЕСКОЙ АКТИВНОСТИ УЧАЩИХСЯ НА УРОКАХ ФИЗИЧЕСКОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ
Аннотация. В статье рассматриваются современные методы повышения физической активности учащихся на уроках физической культуры в условиях модернизации образовательного процесса. Актуальность исследования обусловлена необходимостью формирования у подрастающего поколения устойчивой потребности в регулярной двигательной активности, здоровом образе жизни и физическом самосовершенствовании. Особое внимание уделяется игровым технологиям, круговой тренировке, станционному методу, дифференцированному и индивидуальному подходам, командным и спортивным играм, соревновательным технологиям, цифровым образовательным ресурсам, методам самоконтроля и рефлексии. В статье анализируются педагогические условия, способствующие увеличению времени активной двигательной деятельности учащихся на уроке. Обосновывается необходимость сокращения времени ожидания, рационального использования спортивного инвентаря, организации малых групп и подбора физических упражнений с учетом возрастных и индивидуальных особенностей учащихся. Предлагается методическая модель современного урока физической культуры, включающая мотивационный, подготовительный, основной, соревновательный и рефлексивный этапы. Сделан вывод о том, что сочетание традиционных средств физического воспитания с современными педагогическими технологиями позволяет повысить двигательную активность учащихся, их мотивацию и интерес к занятиям физической культурой.
Ключевые слова: физическая культура, физическая активность, учащиеся, двигательная активность, здоровый образ жизни, современные методы, игровые технологии, круговая тренировка, цифровые технологии, мотивация, физическая подготовленность, индивидуальный подход.
USING INTERACTIVE AND INNOVATIVE METHODS TO ENHANCE ENGLISH VOCABULARY
Abstract. This article examines the role of interactive and innovative methods in enhancing learners’ English vocabulary. Vocabulary knowledge is one of the fundamental components of foreign language proficiency because effective communication requires learners to understand and use a wide range of words and expressions appropriately. Traditional vocabulary teaching, which often relies on memorization and translation, may provide basic lexical knowledge but does not always ensure long-term retention or active use of vocabulary. The study analyzes interactive techniques such as pair work, group discussion, role-play, educational games, vocabulary mapping, brainstorming, information-gap activities, project-based learning, and collaborative tasks. It also examines innovative approaches involving digital technologies, multimedia resources, online platforms, spaced repetition, contextual learning, and gamification. The findings indicate that vocabulary acquisition becomes more effective when learners encounter new words repeatedly in meaningful contexts and actively use them in communication. The article proposes a methodological model combining contextual presentation, interactive practice, digital reinforcement, communicative production, and reflection. The study concludes that the integration of interactive and innovative methods can increase learners’ motivation, lexical retention, independent learning skills, and ability to use vocabulary appropriately in authentic communication.
Keywords: English vocabulary, vocabulary acquisition, interactive methods, innovative methods, vocabulary learning, communicative competence, digital technologies, gamification, contextual learning, educational games, learner autonomy.
EFFECTIVE METHODS OF TEACHING THE TENSE SYSTEM IN ENGLISH
Abstract. Teaching the tense system is one of the most important and challenging aspects of English language instruction. English has a complex system of tense and aspect forms that requires learners to understand not only grammatical structures but also the meanings and communicative functions associated with different forms. This article examines effective methods for teaching English tenses, with particular attention to communicative, contextual, task-based, inductive, deductive, and technology-enhanced approaches. The study analyzes the major difficulties learners encounter when acquiring English tense forms and identifies pedagogical strategies that can improve grammatical accuracy and communicative competence. The research is based on a qualitative analysis of methodological literature and established principles of second-language grammar instruction. The findings indicate that tense instruction becomes more effective when grammatical rules are presented in meaningful contexts, reinforced through communicative tasks, and supported by systematic practice and formative assessment. The article concludes that an integrated approach combining explicit grammar instruction with communicative practice provides the most effective conditions for mastering the English tense system.
Keywords: English grammar, tense system, tense and aspect, grammar teaching, communicative approach, contextual learning, language acquisition, grammatical competence, teaching methods.
ВЫПОЛНЕННЫЕ РАБОТЫ ПО ПОДГОТОВКЕ ВОДИТЕЛЕЙ ТРАНСПОРТНЫХ СРЕДСТВ В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ УЗБЕКИСТАН
Аннотация. В данной статье представлена информация о законах, постановлениях, указах и распоряжениях, принятых в Республике Узбекистан в сфере подготовки водителей транспортных средств, нововведениях и изменениях, внесённых на их основе, а также о современных изменениях, которые из года в год внедряются в систему подготовки водителей автомобилей в нашей стране.
Ключевые слова: автотранспортные средства, «Avtotest Report», «Avtotest» и «Avtotest 2.0», «SAR», PIN-FL, NFC Smart Card, «Технический осмотр», «Зелёный свет», «Безопасная и ровная дорога».
THE MAIN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TEACHING APPROACHES, METHODS, PROCEDURES, TECHNIQUES, STYLES, AND STRATEGIES
Abstract: Language teacher education relies on a small set of terms approach, method, procedure, technique, style, and strategy that are frequently used as if they were synonyms, even though each occupies a distinct place in the hierarchy of instructional decision-making. This article draws on Hasanova et al. (2021) to clarify the conceptual boundaries between these six terms and illustrates each one with examples drawn from recent Uzbek EFL scholarship, including work on writing-skill activities (Absalamov & Khujakulov, 2024), the teaching of culturally specific lexical items such as folk-medicine terminology (Khujakulov, 2024), and the instructional needs of passive learners (Khujakulov, 2025c). The article argues that terminological precision is not a pedantic exercise but a practical necessity: teachers who conflate approach with method, or technique with strategy, are more likely to make inconsistent classroom decisions and to struggle when justifying those decisions in lesson planning, materials design, and professional reflection.
ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF RUNWAY DRONE INSPECTIONS: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, ENERGY EFFICIENCY, AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES
Annotation: This article examines the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for runway inspection from an environmental sustainability perspective. The study focuses on the potential environmental benefits of replacing or reducing conventional vehicle-based inspection with drone-based systems. Particular attention is given to energy consumption, fuel use, greenhouse gas emissions, noise, and battery-related environmental challenges. The article also discusses how drone technology can contribute to more efficient and sustainable airport operations. The findings indicate that UAV-based runway inspections can reduce fuel consumption, inspection time, and direct emissions while improving monitoring efficiency. However, battery limitations, weather conditions, and electronic waste remain important challenges. The study concludes that the appropriate integration of drone technology can support the development of more environmentally sustainable and efficient airport infrastructure.
Keywords: UAV; drones; runway inspection; environmental impact; energy efficiency; sustainable aviation; airport sustainability; CO₂ emissions; green airport; airport infrastructure.
FRIENDSHIP OF PEOPLES BEGINS AT THE KITCHEN TABLE: WHAT ONE KARAKALPAK HOUSEHOLD SAYS ABOUT UZBEKISTAN’S DIVERSITY POLICY
Abstract: This article examines how Uzbekistan’s institutional architecture for interethnic relations is experienced in ordinary life, using the household of Haytboy and Tatyana Sobirov in the Karakalpak town of Takhiatash as a case study. It sets the country’s legal and administrative framework — constitutional guarantees, the Committee on Interethnic Relations and Friendly Ties with Foreign Countries, the state concept on interethnic relations, and the mahalla system — against the family’s lived history of intermarriage, employment and neighbourhood leadership. The article argues that formal declarations of tolerance are tested, and ultimately confirmed or disproved, not in decrees but in kitchens, workplaces and mahalla courtyards.
Keywords: Uzbekistan, Karakalpakstan, interethnic relations, diversity policy, mahalla, intermarriage, Takhiatash, civic identity.
ЗАКОНОМЕРНОСТИ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ РЕАКЦИОННО-МОДИФИЦИРОВАННОЙ ГРАНИЦЫ NI–SI/SI И ЕЁ ВЛИЯНИЕ НА ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКИЙ И ФОТОЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКИЙ ПЕРЕНОС
Аннотация: В работе исследованы закономерности твердофазного синтеза и структурно-фазового состояния реакционно-модифицированной границы раздела в системе Ni–Si/Si, формирующейся при контролируемом термообжиге тонко пленочных слоев никеля на монокристаллическом кремнии. С помощью методов рентгенофазового анализа, растровой электронной микроскопии и спектроскопии комбинационного рассеяния света установлено последовательное образование промежуточных силицидных фаз Ni_2Si, NiSi, NiSi_2. Проанализировано влияние морфологии переходной зоны и высоты барьера Шоттки на механизмы электрического и фотоэлектрического переноса носителей заряда. Показано, что формирование эпитаксиально ориентированных наноструктур NiSi_2 на границе раздела существенно снижает плотность поверхностных состояний, улучшает собирание фотогенерированных носителей и повышает эффективность фотоэлектрического преобразования в структуре.
Ключевые слова: силициды никеля, граница раздела Ni–Si/Si, твердофазные реакции, барьер Шоттки, электрический перенос, фотоэлектрический перенос, рекомбинация.
SOCIO-PHILOSOPHICAL MECHANISMS AND PROSPECTS FOR ORGANIZING LOCAL REPRESENTATIVE POWER ON THE BASIS OF THE PRINCIPLE OF “SERVING THE INTERESTS OF THE POPULATION”
Abstract: The article analyses the philosophical content of the principle of “serving the interests of the population” and the conceptual foundations for preventing “social dependency”. It examines the philosophical essence of the concept of “interest”, the concept of active citizenship, institutional trust and social justice as factors for improving the human-centred model of local representative authorities.
Key words: interests of the population, social dependency, active citizenship, institutional trust, social justice, local representative authorities.
LONG-TERM DYNAMICS OF CONSULTATIONS FOR RECURRENT HERPES SIMPLEX INFECTION IN THE BUKHARA REGION (2022–2026)
Relevance. Central Asia belongs to the zone of insufficient data on herpes simplex virus epidemiology: global estimates for the region rely on extrapolation from neighbouring territories rather than on direct observation. Regional indicators of consultation rates, calculated against a correct denominator, are therefore of independent value for health service planning.
XORIJDA OLIY TA’LIMNI MODULLI-KREDIT ASOSIDA TASHKIL ETISHNING ZAMONAVIY XUSUSIYATLARI
Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada Yevropa va Amerika Qo‘shma Shtatlari oliy ta’lim tizimida ta’lim jarayonini modulli va kredit asosida tashkil etishning o‘ziga xos xususiyatlari tahlil qilingan. Yevropa oliy ta’lim makonida Bologna jarayoni, Yevropa kreditlarni ko‘chirish va jamg‘arish tizimi (ECTS), ta’lim natijalariga yo‘naltirilgan yondashuv hamda talabalarning akademik mobilligini ta’minlash mexanizmlariga alohida e’tibor qaratilgan. AQSH oliy ta’limida esa kredit soati (credit hour), kurslarni tanlash, major va minor dasturlari, elective courses hamda talabaning individual ta’lim trayektoriyasini shakllantirish imkoniyatlari ko‘rib chiqilgan. Maqolada Yevropa va AQSH tizimlarining umumiy va farqli jihatlari qiyosiy tahlil qilinib, modulli-kredit tizimining talaba mustaqilligi, ta’limning moslashuvchanligi, akademik mobillik va kasbiy kompetensiyalarni rivojlantirishdagi ahamiyati ochib berilgan. Shuningdek, mazkur ilg‘or tajribalardan oliy ta’limni modernizatsiya qilish jarayonida foydalanish imkoniyatlari yoritilgan.
Kalit so‘zlar: modul, modulli ta’lim, kredit tizimi, ECTS, credit hour, Bologna jarayoni, oliy ta’lim, akademik mobillik, individual ta’lim trayektoriyasi, kompetensiya, ta’lim natijasi, elective course.
ANALYZING MODERN SOLUTIONS TO THE DIFFICULTIES STUDENTS FACE IN LEARNING FOREIGN LANGUAGES
Abstract: This article aims to analyze contemporary solutions designed to address the difficulties students face in learning foreign languages. By examining technological innovations such as language learning apps, virtual reality tools, and online exchange platforms, alongside pedagogical approaches like task-based learning and blended environments, the review seeks to identify effective strategies that enhance language acquisition. Furthermore, it explores support systems including peer collaboration, teacher training, and parental involvement, to understand their roles in overcoming learner obstacles. Through this comprehensive analysis, the review intends to provide insights into best practices and emerging trends that can inform educators, policymakers, and developers in creating more effective and inclusive language learning environments. Understanding and overcoming the difficulties faced by students in learning foreign languages is crucial for enhancing educational outcomes and fostering effective communication skills. Numerous studies have identified various barriers, including cognitive challenges, emotional and psychological issues, social and cultural factors, and technological limitations. It reveals that students often encounter a range of difficulties during language acquisition, which can hinder their progress and motivation. Addressing these challenges is vital not only for individual learner success but also for preparing students to participate confidently in globalized contexts, where proficiency in foreign languages is increasingly essential. Modern solutions, therefore, must be tailored to mitigate these barriers and support diverse learning needs.
Keywords: modern technology, electronic textbooks, language acquisition, face-to-face interaction, task-based learning, peers and tutors.
YAIM "SIG‘INISHI"DAN VOZ KECHISH: "DONUT" IQTISODIYOTI VA EKOLOGIK CHEGARALAR MUVOZANATI
Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada an’anaviy iqtisodiy model — Yalpi Ichki Mahsulot (YaIM) o‘sishiga tayanish tizimining bugungi ekologik va ijtimoiy inqirozlar sharoitidagi inqirozi tahlil qilinadi. Oksford universiteti iqtisodchisi Keyt Reyvort tomonidan ilgari surilgan "Donut iqtisodiyoti" (Donut Economics) modelining mohiyati, uning insoniyat ehtiyojlari va sayyoramizning ekologik imkoniyatlari o‘rtasidagi muvozanatni ta’minlashdagi roli o‘rganilgan. Maqolada faqatgina miqdoriy ko‘rsatkichlardan voz kechib, iqtisodiy muvaffaqiyatni barqarorlik va inson farovonligi indekslari orqali baholashga o‘tish zarurati xalqaro tajriba hamda global xavflar kontekstida asoslab berilgan.
Kalit so‘zlar: Donut iqtisodiyoti, Yalpi Ichki Mahsulot (YaIM), ekologik chegaralar, ijtimoiy poydevor, barqaror rivojlanish, Keyt Reyvort, yashil iqtisodiyot, iqlim o‘zgarishi, inklyuziv o‘sish.
RESURSLARDAN TASAVVURGACHA: KREATIV IQTISODIYOTNI SANOAT DARAJASIGA OLIB CHIQISH VA UNING YAIMDAGI ULUSHI
Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada global iqtisodiyotning eng tez o‘sayotgan drayverlaridan biri — kreativ iqtisodiyot (ijodiy sanoat) va uning mamlakat yalpi ichki mahsuloti (YaIM) hamda eksport salohiyatidagi roli tahlil qilinadi. Tabiiy resurslarga tayanmasdan, faqatgina inson kapitali, fantaziyasi va intellektual mulkka asoslangan ushbu sohani sanoat darajasiga olib chiqish istiqbollari o‘rganilgan. Maqolada raqamli texnologiyalar va milliy madaniyat simbiozi (IT-Parklardan Kreativ parklarga o‘tish modeli) misolida O‘zbekiston iqtisodiyoti uchun strategik takliflar ilgari surilgan.
Kalit so‘zlar: Kreativ iqtisodiyot, inson kapitali, kreativ parklar, yalpi ichki mahsulot (YaIM), madaniy industriya, eksport salohiyati, dizayn, hunarmandchilik, IT-Park, zamonaviy media.
QONUNLARDAN KO‘RA PSIXOLOGIYA: XULQ-ATVOR IQTISODIYOTI VA DAVLAT SIYOSATIDA "NUDGE" NAZARIYASI
Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada klassik iqtisodiyotdagi "ratsional inson" (Homo Economicus) modelining inqirozi va uning o‘rniga kirib kelgan xulq-atvor iqtisodiyoti tushunchasi tahlil qilinadi. Nobel mukofoti sovrindorlari Richard Taler va Kass Sastayn tomonidan ilgari surilgan "Nudge" (turtki berish) nazariyasining mohiyati, uning davlat iqtisodiy siyosatidagi, xususan, soliq yig‘ishni oshirish va energiya tejamkorligini targ‘ib qilishdagi roli o‘rganiladi. Maqolada ma’muriy majburlash va qonuniy taqiqlarga qaraganda psixologik usullarning yuqori iqtisodiy samaradorligi xalqaro tajriba hamda O‘zbekiston realligi misolida asoslab berilgan.
Kalit so‘zlar: Xulq-atvor iqtisodiyoti, Nudge nazariyasi, turtki berish, ratsionallik, iste’molchi xulq-atvori, iqtisodiy siyosat, soliq madaniyati, energiya tejamkorligi, arxitektura tanlovi.
RAQAMLI REALLIK VA YASHIRIN INQIROZ: GIG-EKONOMIKA SHAROITIDA IJTIMOIY HIMOYA VA SOLIQ TIZIMI MUAMMOLARI
Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada raqamli iqtisodiyotning eng tez rivojlanayotgan tarmoqlaridan biri — gig-ekonomika (platformali bandlik) va uning mehnat bozoriga ta’siri tahlil qilinadi. Masofaviy va norasmiy bandlikning kengayishi sharoitida davlat soliq bazasining qisqarishi, ijtimoiy sug‘urta va pensiya tizimidagi global xatarlar o‘rganilgan. Amaldagi mehnat qonunchiligining raqamli platforma xodimlari (kuryerlar, haydovchilar, frilanserlar) huquqlarini himoya qilishdagi ojizligi ko‘rsatib o‘tilgan hamda sohani iqtisodiy barqarorlikni saqlagan holda tartibga solish bo‘yicha xalqaro tajribaga asoslangan strategik takliflar berilgan.
Kalit so‘zlar: Raqamli iqtisodiyot, gig-ekonomika, platformali bandlik, frilanser, kuryer, ijtimoiy himoya, soliq bazasi, pensiya tizimi, mehnat qonunchiligi, texnologik ishsizlik.
YAPONIYA IQTISODIY “MO‘JIZASI” VA KAIZEN FALSAFASINING PAYDO BO‘LISHI
Annotatsiya: Mazkur maqolada Kaizen falsafasining Yaponiyada paydo bo‘lish sabablari, uning tarixiy ildizlari hamda Yaponiya iqtisodiy rivojlanishidagi o‘rni tahlil qilinadi. Xususan, Ikkinchi jahon urushidan keyingi iqtisodiy inqiroz sharoitida yapon korxonalarining resurs yetishmovchiligi sabab samaradorlikka asoslangan boshqaruv tizimlarini yaratishga majbur bo‘lgani yoritiladi. Toyota kompaniyasi misolida Kaizen falsafasining amaliy natijalari ham tahlil qilinadi.
Kalit so‘zlar: Kaizen, Yaponiya iqtisodiyoti, Toyota Production System, samaradorlik, Lean management, innovatsion boshqaruv, post-war Japan, iqtisodiy tiklanish, Toyota, doimiy takomillashtirish
RAQAMLI IQTISODIYOTNING "KO'RINMAS" ISHCHILARI: GIG-EKONOMIKA VA IJTIMOIY HIMOYA MUAMMOSI
Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada zamonaviy mehnat bozorining yangi trendi — gig-ekonomika, uning tarkibiy qismlari bo'lgan platformali bandlik va ularning an'anaviy ijtimoiy sug'urta tizimiga ta'siri tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqotda norasmiy bandlikning soliq bazasiga ta'siri, algoritmlar orqali boshqaruv tizimi va ushbu sohani tartibga solish bo'yicha xalqaro tajriba hamda takliflar ko'rib chiqiladi.
Kalit so‘zlar: Gig-ekonomika, platformali bandlik, ijtimoiy himoya, o‘zini o‘zi band qilish, algoritmik boshqaruv, soliq bazasi, iqtisodiy barqarorlik.
THE CONTRIBUTION OF ABU ALI IBN SINA TO MEDICAL SCIENCE AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR MODERN MEDICINE
Abstract: This article examines the outstanding contribution of the great scholar Abu Ali Ibn Sina to medical science, his scientific legacy, and the significance of his medical views for the development of modern medicine. Ibn Sina’s approaches to disease diagnosis, treatment, prevention, healthy lifestyle, nutrition, hygiene, and the use of medicinal substances are analyzed. Particular attention is given to the historical significance of his renowned work Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb (The Canon of Medicine) and to its systematic discussion of the causes of diseases, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. The article also highlights the similarities between Ibn Sina’s approaches, which were based on observation, experience, and logical analysis, and certain principles of modern clinical medicine.
Keywords: Abu Ali Ibn Sina, medicine, The Canon of Medicine, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, pharmacology, hygiene, healthy lifestyle, medical heritage.
PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW NORMS
Abstract: International law plays a fundamental role in regulating relations among states, international organizations, and, increasingly, individuals and other non-state actors. Its norms establish legal frameworks for maintaining international peace and security, protecting human rights, regulating diplomatic and economic relations, resolving international disputes, and addressing global challenges. However, the effectiveness of international law depends not only on the existence of international legal norms but also on their practical implementation at the international and national levels. This article examines the practical application of international law norms, focusing on their implementation through international treaties, customary international law, decisions of international courts and tribunals, national legislation, and institutional mechanisms. Particular attention is paid to the role of states in fulfilling their international obligations, the incorporation of international norms into domestic legal systems, and the mechanisms used to ensure compliance. The article also analyzes practical challenges, including differences between national legal systems, difficulties in enforcement, political considerations, and conflicts between domestic interests and international obligations. The experience of international organizations and judicial institutions demonstrates that international law remains an essential instrument for promoting international cooperation and protecting fundamental legal principles. The article concludes that effective implementation requires not only clear international norms but also political commitment, appropriate domestic legislation, functioning judicial institutions, and effective international cooperation.
Keywords: international law, international legal norms, international treaties, customary law, implementation, national legislation, international courts, human rights, state responsibility, international cooperation.
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN THE TRAINING OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OFFICERS IN UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: The development of an effective and professional law enforcement system is closely connected with the quality of education and training provided to internal affairs officers. In the context of globalization, transnational crime, digital transformation, international migration, terrorism, cybercrime, and other emerging security challenges, national law enforcement agencies increasingly require international cooperation and the exchange of professional experience. This article examines the role and significance of international cooperation in the training of internal affairs officers in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Particular attention is paid to international educational programs, professional exchange, joint training courses, foreign experience, human rights education, modern pedagogical technologies, digital learning, and cooperation with international organizations and foreign law enforcement institutions. The article argues that international cooperation contributes to improving the professional, legal, ethical, analytical, communicative, and technological competencies of internal affairs officers. At the same time, successful international cooperation requires adaptation of foreign experience to national legal, institutional, cultural, and educational conditions. The article also identifies several challenges, including differences in legal systems, language barriers, limited access to international educational resources, the need for systematic evaluation of training outcomes, and the necessity of strengthening institutional coordination. The study concludes that international cooperation should become an integral component of the modernization of professional training for internal affairs officers in Uzbekistan.
Keywords: international cooperation, internal affairs officers, law enforcement education, professional training, Uzbekistan, human rights, international organizations, police education, professional development, international experience.
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN ENGLISH LITERATURE AND UZBEK LITERATURE
Abstract: Literature is one of the most important forms of cultural expression through which societies preserve their historical memory, moral values, worldview, and national identity. Although English and Uzbek literatures developed in different historical, geographical, and cultural environments, they demonstrate a number of significant similarities. These similarities can be observed in their treatment of universal human values, moral and ethical problems, the conflict between good and evil, the importance of family and social relationships, the role of love and friendship, the representation of historical events, and the use of folklore and traditional literary motifs. English literature, represented by such prominent writers as William Shakespeare, Geoffrey Chaucer, John Milton, Charles Dickens, and George Orwell, and Uzbek literature, represented by Alisher Navoi, Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur, Abdulla Qodiriy, Cho‘lpon, and Abdulla Qahhor, reflect both individual and social dimensions of human existence. The comparative study of these literary traditions demonstrates that literature can transcend national and linguistic boundaries because many of the problems and values represented in literary works are universal. This article examines the major similarities between English and Uzbek literature and argues that comparative literary analysis contributes to a deeper understanding of both cultures and their shared humanistic foundations.
Keywords: English literature, Uzbek literature, comparative literature, literary traditions, universal values, folklore, humanism, national identity, historical literature, moral values.
VOYAGA YETMAGANLAR O‘RTASIDA XULQ-ATVOR MUAMMOLARINI ERTA ANIQLASH VA YO‘LGA QO‘YISH
Annotatsiya: Mazkur maqolada voyaga yetmaganlar o‘rtasida yuzaga kelishi mumkin bo‘lgan xulq-atvor muammolarini erta aniqlash, ularning kelib chiqish sabablarini o‘rganish va profilaktik-tarbiyaviy ishlarni tizimli yo‘lga qo‘yish masalalari tahlil etilgan. O‘smirlik davrida shaxsning psixologik, ijtimoiy va ma’naviy jihatdan shakllanish jarayoni murakkab kechishi sababli xulq-atvorda turli o‘zgarishlar kuzatilishi mumkin. Bunday o‘zgarishlarni o‘z vaqtida aniqlash va ularga to‘g‘ri pedagogik hamda psixologik yondashish kelgusida jiddiy ijtimoiy muammolarning oldini olishga xizmat qiladi. Maqolada xulq-atvor muammolarining asosiy omillari, ularni aniqlashning pedagogik va psixologik indikatorlari, oila va ta’lim muassasasining roli, individual profilaktika, tengdoshlar muhiti, raqamli muhitning ta’siri hamda ichki ishlar organlari bilan hamkorlik masalalari yoritilgan. Shuningdek, voyaga yetmaganlar bilan ishlashda jazolashga emas, balki erta profilaktika, individual yondashuv, ishonchli muloqot va ijtimoiy qo‘llab-quvvatlashga ustuvor ahamiyat berish zarurligi asoslab berilgan.
Kalit so‘zlar: voyaga yetmaganlar, xulq-atvor, profilaktika, erta aniqlash, o‘smirlik davri, pedagogik monitoring, psixologik yordam, oila, ta’lim muassasasi, ichki ishlar organlari, ijtimoiy muhit, individual yondashuv.