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Abstract
Abstract: Photovoltaic (PV) systems play an important role in meeting the growing global demand for clean and renewable energy. However, the actual energy output of photovoltaic installations is often lower than the theoretical value due to various electrical losses occurring during energy conversion and transmission processes. These losses include conductor resistance losses, temperature-induced losses, inverter losses, and mismatch losses between photovoltaic modules. This study investigates the main sources of electrical losses in photovoltaic systems and develops mathematical models for their quantitative assessment. Analytical equations describing the relationship between system parameters and energy losses are presented. The proposed mathematical models provide an effective tool for evaluating system performance and improving energy efficiency. The results demonstrate that accurate modeling of electrical losses can significantly contribute to the optimization of photovoltaic system design and operation.
References
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