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Abstract
Abstract: This study explores the vocabulary of Old English as a crucial
component in understanding the early development of the English language and the
cultural history of Anglo-Saxon England. Old English vocabulary was primarily
Germanic in origin, yet it expanded significantly through contact with Latin during
Christianization and through interaction with Old Norse during the Viking Age. While
Celtic influence remained minimal, Latin contributed religious and scholarly
terminology, and Norse introduced everyday lexical items that reshaped the core of the
language. The highly productive nature of Old English word formation, especially its
compounds, affixes, and poetic kennings, reflects both linguistic creativity and cultural
expression. Examining these native and borrowed elements reveals a dynamic and
adaptable lexicon that laid the foundation for Middle and Modern English. The analysis
demonstrates that Old English vocabulary is not merely a linguistic system but also a
window into the social structures, values, and intellectual life of early medieval
England.
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